# The System 0.97 Dilemma: a Mac anniversary special

## Overview

As the anniversary of the original Macintosh approaches, I would tell a
short story on how I found clean copies of the System 0.97 disk.

For the uninitiated, the original Macintosh 128K system shipped with
System 1.0, internally System 0.97, since the launch of the model in
January 24 to May of 1984, when it was replaced by System 1.1.

The version is essentially a public beta (see [Real Artists
Ship](https://www.folklore.org/StoryView.py?story=Real_Artists_Ship.txt)
on folklore.org), but it also became instrumental in the formation of
the most important computer line in history (alongside the IBM PC
compatible and descendants). While the difference between 1.0 and 1.1
are mostly bug fixes and performance improvements, the disk itself is an
important document in the history of the Macintosh line.

Unfortunately, the disks available on the internet are modified, have
custom fonts, and other little oddities. Early copies that spread online
are unclean, i.e modified so bad that it doesn't resemble the original
disk. Because of these, there are attempts on recreating the original
experience, while others tried to improve them, but few actually
searched for the clean dumps.

Usually, we would check existing archives such as the abundance of Apple
Developer CDs, as well as the Legacy Recovery CDs, and few other
sources. But lo and behold, the earliest dumps available are from System
1.1, and it's incorrectly labeled, alongside Systems 2.0 to 5.1/4.3.
(Further details on this unusual naming scheme is found in
[earlymacintosh.org](https://earlymacintosh.org/cd.html).)

I found out about this issue in the middle of November 2023, while
reading issues for the [Infinite Mac](https://infinitemac.org), and been
skeptical about it. I eventually found out this problem that no one, as
in no one except a relative few tried to solved.

In this blog post, I would discuss how I did find it, and the
experience, as well as what happened after I found it.

## The Modified Disk Problem

In the computers of the era, a hard drive was expensive, albeit large
enough for their standards. But the consumer target computers of that
particular era rely on different media to store data. Early
microcomputer users (such as of Apple II, VIC-20, C64, among others) use
audio cassettes to store data, while IBM PC users might be familiar with
floppies (IBM PCjr actually does have a cassette drive, fun fact), and
maybe a relative few use punch tape. In contrast of the 5.25" floppies
that are common in that era, specifically 5.25" 360k disks for the IBM
PC, the Macintosh uses a hard shell 3.5" 400k disks for storing data,
which is one of it's defining features (a Twiggy disk drive was planned
for the Mac, just like the Lisa before it, but due to reliability
issues, it was later replaced with a Sony drive).

Early versions of the system use Macintosh File System (MFS), a
non-hierarchical file system, that was designed for the 400k disks,
which was eventually replaced by the Hierarchical File System (HFS)
introduced in System 2.1 (HardDisk 20 Boot). The file system have some
weird quirks to it, such as how it handle folders, even if the design
naturally doesn't allow it. One of the interesting things about it was
it could write a disk once it opens, if the write-protect notch doesn't
exist.

The System 0.97 disk is write-unprotected, which means a user could
modify it and add new files such as MacWrite documents into the disk
itself. While the properties didn't cause problems initially, the
decision hindered the preservation of those disks, as a user could also
alter the whole system as a whole with a copy of ResEdit or with unusual
personalization tools, which means modification of the disks. As I also
found out, it could also mean transferring things that aren't supposed
in the clean disks (case in **font** (pun intended), Font Mover and Disk
Copy.)

## Spread

There are uncertain things about the initial spread of the now-infamous
"Pastel font" disks that present System 0.97 with a pastel font, instead
of the iconic Chicago font, but the earliest examples are the ones found
in The Mac 512 Usergroup and Gamba's software archive, with Gamba's
being the source of modified disks in various sites such as Macintosh
Garden, Macintosh Repository and WinWorldPC, among others. Quirks of the
disks are that it could load the right font under a Macintosh Plus or an
emulator like Mini vMac, and my hypothesis is that the ROM might have a
copy of the default font set, or parts of it (as seen by the increased
ROM data capacity).

This spread later with YouTube videos, most using Mini vMac. While I
don't see the problem if I looked into a normal viewer's perspective, it
does feel off if you actually care about old operating systems. There's
a part of me that tells me that these creators didn't do much digging,
but in the end of the day, they worked hard enough with creating
content, so I respect them.

What's more unfortunate is the fact that the modified copy is prevalent,
and somehow still is... until in the middle of November 2023.

## The Rabbit Hole

I initiated the search sometime in November 20, or later. I tried
searching through Google, digging through old forum sites and popular
retro Mac sites, which turned out to be a grueling process. I asked
Discord servers, forum sites and Reddit if they have it but I neither
have something useful nor have a better answer. And that's when it hit
me. Why not make a list of the copies I found through the interwebs? In
theory, that should help with the effort.

And then, that night of November 26, 2023, I started work on the gist
[of the same
name](https://gist.github.com/Lucas-mother3/3f47b1241232e1810bbc80f07323139e),
documenting each copy that I have. During that time, I cataloged many
copies from different sites, some copies from the same site. I spent
some more time to test if the disks are bootable. Some aren't which I
hypothesize the result of it being NDIF format Disk Copy images, as I
looked retrospectively.

I also did try digging through shopping sites as well as bidding sites
such as eBay but that turned out as not worth my time, as I live in the
Philippines, and the conversion rates are high enough that I couldn't
afford both the disk itself and the shipping cost. Another problem with
this approach is that I don't have either an old Macintosh or a floppy
disk drive that could handle 400k disks, or the necessary knowledge to
image those disks, as well as where to store once done.

During the same time, I also emailed a few guys, such as ToastyTech
(Nathan Lineback) and the webmaster of earlymacintosh.org. I'm initially
shocked that the emails are still active. Nathan also told me that he
doesn't have a copy but happy to upload it on WinWorldPC once I find it.
The webmaster of earlymacintosh.org however is where I finally found the
end of the rabbit hole. It has been November 27 (the following day) when
I sent that email, and he responded 2 days later. The disks are there,
and to my surprise, it also includes the other disks in the 128K disk
set.

Why a disk set? Well, the actual Macintosh 128K box and the models
succeeding it actually contains other floppies: System Disk, Guided Tour
Disk, MacWrite/MacPaint (bundled in a single floppy or separate) and
Guided Tour of MacWrite/MacPaint. Later models omitted MacWrite,
MacPaint and the Guided Tour disks as sufficient hard drive capacity
became available to everyone, and the models improve performance, and
the later transition to PowerPC. The four disks are instrumental to the
later success of the Mac, specifically MacWrite and MacPaint.

When checking the disks, it is modified in January 18th, 1984, which is
when the disks are printed in after the developers tirelessly pushed out
the release (ref. Real Artists Ship), and also exactly 40 years before I
even written the blog post in ghostwriter (markdown editing program). A
deep look into the files, it has modified dates between the 18th and the
24th, confirming that it's a clean dump.

As told in the Overview, which I further elaborate, Disk Copy is nowhere
to be seen as that piece of application first appeared in System 1.1,
initially to easily clone floppy disks, which later evolved into a
program also capable of imaging the disks. Font Mover is also nowhere to
be seen in the System disk **but** does appear under the
MacWrite/MacPaint disk (disk 2). This is responsible in moving fonts to
other systems, later adding the functionality to move disk accessories.

The information about the disk, as far as I was been told was it used to
be owned by a developer, that doesn't need the disk. The copies that
webmaster had is imaged sometime in January, 2004, but 2 of the disks
are redump sometime in June 2018, which is hidden in his private
collection of Mac System disk images, mainly from the fear of copyright
strikes in his website by Apple themselves, just like the other retro
Mac sites from back in the day, but due to my reasoning in the gist, he
eventually made it online.

## Now in the Interwebs!

It's December. I uploaded the disks after getting his approval on
Macintosh Garden and the Internet Archive, some few days later. The disk
later made it's way to WinWorld around the same time. I have to check
Macintosh Repository if someone uploaded the updated disk sets there.

I only uploaded the System disk and MacWrite/MacPaint disks as the
Guided Tour disks, albeit one of them have a never-before-seen betas of
MacWrite and MacPaint, is not currently stable under the emulators I
have tested, unless heavy modification is done.

On December 22, I filed an issue to Infinite Mac, mainly for adding DC42
support to the site's Mini vMac port. As I was currently in my dad's
that time, I have some limitations to do stuff on my big bro's fancier
setup (mine is a hand-me-down with new parts), I was testing the Mac
stuff while dabbling into emulating a Nintendo Switch game, because I
got a collection of old Macintosh disk images while in a bus trip. Since
normal Mini vMac 128K can't run MacPaint 1.0 from the disk, DC42 was an
easy fix. Then someone finds my research, and the images found their way
into the website, both original and modified for Infinite Mac.

By then, I gradually stopped with messing with it as I slowly put Mac OS
X into focus (at the time of writing, I'm tinkering with unmodified
Tiger DVD booting into KVM via OpenCore and stuff) and more Mac OS X
stuff.

## The Experience

The actual experience of the operating system is purely just the desktop
and the desk accessories. Sure it's revolutionary at the time, but the
normal system disk is barren with applications as the disk space is
quite limited. The Macintosh 128K's real potential comes down to it's
killer applications. Just like how the Game Boy and Tetris is
influential, the Macintosh and both MacWrite and MacPaint shows how the
Macintosh can do much more than it's contemporaries, possibly even the
Lisa before it, as it shows it's power in the desktop publishing
industry.

MacWrite is what would you expect a basic word processor nowadays, but
back then the program was much more advanced than the competition. Sure,
it wasn't exactly the first "what-you-see-is-what-you-get" or WYSIWYG
word processor software, but it was a hit among users of the system, as
it could effortlessly combine text, pictures and other elements without
much complexity to the end-user.

MacPaint is a drawing program, which has a lot of features, and one of
the earliest programs to be made for Macs. It could draw things, and
more, such as goofy ahh memes of the highest caliber, It also features
some fancy (at that time) editing tools, such as the selection tool
(Lasso), shape tools, as well as interesting tools such as FatPixels,
and others. Later on, the UI style of the program was copied, including,
interestingly enough, the Apple II Mouse Card, which is based on a much
earlier build of MacPaint
([folklore.org](https://www.folklore.org/Apple_II_Mouse_Card.html)),
among others.

The desk accessories are basic enough, and are coded cleverly that it
could run in background even if there's applications opened, sort of an
early attempt at multitasking. It's useful on getting things calculated
or copy and pasting stuff from the clipboard desk application or
changing the system a bit.

## Conclusion

In conclusion, the disk images are finally properly preserved, in a
state that everyone could enjoy it. This is a story on how an oftenly
ignored issue now solved mainly as I learned much about how to gather
stuff, as well as using the search engines to their limits.

I'm sorry if I'm not that often to write stuff, it is what it is. I
don't care about the algorithm anymore, I care about doing what I think
is the best of my work, and I like what I am doing, as well as the
schedule also filled with other things to do such as in school.

Expect more content as well this year, this is only the start. I don't
know which topic to do next but I hope I could churn out content much
more filled with important stuff and fascinating things about tech,
gaming and more.

In the blog post, we discussed how short my finding process is, which is
unusually short than most lost or partially found media duration between
that status to being found, but I'm still glad that I put a case into
rest now, as a pristine copy of System 0.97 is found.

And as always, see you next time!

(also special shout-out to M.D.)